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# variable declaration # ============================ some_variable = None; some_variable = 5; x,y,z = 10,20,30; # x=10; y=20; z=30 # data types type(10); # int type(10.55); # float type('Hello World'); # str type(False); # bool type([]); # list type(None); # NoneType # data type conversion # ============================ str(10); # int to str int('100'); # str to int float(10) # int to float float('100'); # str to float bool(1); # int to bool bool('True'); # str to bool # string data type operations # ============================ '*' * 10; # ********** 'ali'.upper(); # ALI 'ali'.capitalize(); # Ali 'ALI'.lower(); # ali 'to be or not to be'.replace('be', 'do'); # to do or not to do len('ali'); # 3 ','.join(['a','b']); # a,b name = 'Ali' print(f'Name: {name}'); # Name: Ali # number data type (int, float) operations # ======================================== 2 ** 3; # 8 5 / 4; # 1.25 5 // 4; # 1 (rounded down to int) 6 % 4; # 2 (remainder) abs(-3.4); # 3.4 (positive) bin(5); # 0b101 (Binary representation... 101) round(3.5); # 4 # List data type operations # ============================ some_list = [0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]; len(some_list); # 10 # [start:stop:stepover] some_list[0]; # 0 some_list[:]; # 0123456789 some_list[0:]; # 0123456789 some_list[0:8]; # 01234567 some_list[2:5]; # 234 some_list[:4]; # 0123 some_list[0:8:2]; # 024 some_list[::2]; # 0246 some_list[-1]; # 9 some_list[::-1]; # 9876543210 some_list[0] = -1; # list are mutable # Note: string is also a list of characters i.e. '0123456789'[0] => 0 # strings are imutable i.e. '0123456789'[0] = -1 will throw error some_list_copy = some_list[:]; # list copy or clone some_list_copy2 = some_list.copy(); # list copy or clone grades = ['A','B']; grades.append('C'); # ['A','B','C'] grades.insert(1,'A+') # ['A','A+',B','C'] grades.extend(['D','F']); # ['A','A+',B','C','D','F'] grades.pop(); # ['A','A+',B','C','D'] grades.pop(1); # ['A',B','C','D'] grades.remove('B'); # ['A', 'C', 'D'] grades.index('A'); # 0 'A' in grades; # True grades.append('A'); # ['A', 'C', 'D', 'A'] grades.count('A'); # 2 i.e. A comes 2 times ['X', 'Z', 'Y'].sort(); # ['X','Y','Z'] modifies the original list sorted(['X', 'Z', 'Y']); # ['X','Y','Z'] returns a new sorted list ['X', 'Z', 'Y'].reverse(); # ['Y','Z','X'] ['X', 'Z', 'Y'][::-1]; # ['Y','Z','X'] grades.clear(); # [] marks = list(range(1, 5)); # [1,2,3,4,5] marks = list(range(5)); # [0,1,2,3,4] # Lists usage as Matrix # ======================= matrix = [[1,2,3],[4,5,6],[7,8,9]] print(matrix[0][0] + matrix[1][1] + matrix[2][2]); # 1+5+9 => 15 # List unpacking a,b,c,*other, d = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7]; # a=1; b=2; c=3; other=[4, 5, 6]; d=7
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