#int, float, complex, str, bool, list, tuple, set, dict
#fundamental data types
#int and float
#print(type(2 + 4)) #--> print(type(6)) --> <class 'int'>
#print(2 - 4)
#print(2 * 3)
#print(type(2 / 4)) #--> print(type(0.5)) --> <class 'float'>
#print(2 % 2) #modulo operator --> gives remainder
#print(type(0))
#print(type(20 + 1.01)) #--> print(type(21.01)) --> <class 'float'>
#print(type(9.9 + 1.1)) #--> print(type(11.0)) --> <class 'float'>
#print(2 ** 3) #--> print(2*2*2) --> 8 --> power function
#print(2 // 4) #--> print(2/4=0.5) --> 0 --> rounds of to integer
#print(5 // 4) #--> print(5/4=1.25) --> 1 --> rounds of to integer
#---------------------------------------------------------------------
#math functions (built-in py fn.s)
# print(round(3.1))
# print(abs(-20))
#---------------------------------------------------------------------
#operator precedence (priority list of operators)
#() --> **// --> */ --> +-
# print((20 - 3) + 2 ** 2)
# print(bin(5))
# print(int('0b101',2))
#---------------------------------------------------------------------
#variables
# iq1 = 206
# iq2 = iq1 * 1.05
# a = iq2
# print(a)
# a,b,c = 1,2,3
# print(a,b,c)
#constants
# pi = 3.14
# print(pi)
#statements and expressions
# iq = 100 #here this whole line is a stmt
# age = iq / 5 #here this whole line performing a certain task is stmt and iq / 5 is an expr
#--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#augmented assignment operator (+=, -=, *=, /=)
# value = 5
# value += 3 # --> value + 3 --> 5 + 3 --> 8
# print(value)
#--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#str (strings)
# print('hello!')
# print(type('hello!'))
# usr = 'stark'
# pwd = '''iam
# ironman'''
# lstr = '''
# wow
# 0 0
# |
# ___ '''
# print(lstr) #a long string is defined by opening and closing it with 3 single inverted commas
# name = 'Tony'
# surname = 'Stark'
# fullname = name + ' ' + surname
# print(fullname)
#print('hello' + '!') #string concatenation only works with strings not with int, float etc.
# print(type(int(str(100))))
# a = str(100)
# b = int(a)
# c = type(b)
# print(a,b,c)
#-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#type conversions
#escape sequence
# weather = "\tIt's kind of sunny\" outside\n atb" #whatever comes after \ is a str
# print(weather)
#\t is for adding a tab
#\n is for adding a new line
#formatted strings
# name = 'Steve'
# age = 45
# print('hello ' + name + ' you are ' + str(age) + ' years old.') #normal str
# print(f'hello {name} you are {age} years old.') #formatted str from py3 -- recommended
# print('hello {} you are {} years old.'.format('Steve','45')) #dot format from py2
# print('hello {} you are {} years old.'.format(name,age)) #dot format from py2
# print('hello {1} you are {0} years old.'.format(name,age)) #dot format from py2
# print('hello {new} you are {old} years old.'.format(new = 'hey',old = '25')) #dot format from py2
#str indexes
#selfish = '01234567'
# 01234567
#[start : stop : stepover]
# print(selfish[0 : 8 : 2]) #output: 0246
# print(selfish[1 :]) #output: 1234567
# print(selfish[: 5]) #output: 01234
# print(selfish[-1]) #output: 7 starts from end
# print(selfish[-2]) #output: 6 starts from end
# print(selfish[::-1]) #output: 76543210 starts from end
# selfish = selfish + '8'
# print(selfish)
#string length fn.
# greet = 'hello!'
# print(len('hello!'))
# print(len(greet))
# print(greet[0:4])
# print(greet[0:len(greet)])
#-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# quote = 'to be or not to be ?'
# print(quote.upper()) #converts the whole into uprcase
# print(quote.capitalize()) #converts the 1st letter into uprcase
# print(quote.find('or')) #finds the 1st occurence of piece of text
# print(quote.replace('or','ro')) #replaces the mentioned text
# print(quote) #the upr line just creates a new modified copy and hence doesn't alter the original str
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#booleans
# name = 'Stark'
# is_cool = False
# is_cool = True
# print(bool(1)) #since 1 is true it prints True
# print(bool(0)) #since 0 is true it prints False
# print(bool(is_cool)) #since var 'is_cool' is true it prints True
# print(bool('')) #for any zero value it prints false
# print(bool('steve')) #for any non-zero value it prints true
#-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#lists (arrays of python)
#Data Structure: Way to organize data in different efficient ways.
# amz_cart = ['books', 'pens', 'pencils', 'toys', 'grapes']
# print(amz_cart[1])
# print(amz_cart[-1])
# print(amz_cart[0:3])
# amz_cart[0] = 'laptop'
# new_cart = amz_cart
# new_cart[0] = 'gum'
# print(amz_cart[0::2])
# print(new_cart[0::2])
#-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#matrix
# matrix = [
# [1,5,1],
# [0,1,0],
# [1,0,1],
# ]
# print(matrix[0][1])
# matrix[0][1] = 0
# print(matrix[0][1])
# print(matrix)
#-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#list methods
#basket = [1,2,3,4,5]
#print(len(basket))
#adding
# new_list = basket.append(100) #only appends the list mentioned doesn't produce any result
# basket.insert(4, 50) #format for insert: (index, element) and same as append only modifies list
# print(basket)
# print(new_list)
# new_list = basket
# print(new_list)
# basket.extend([101,102])
# print(basket)
# print(new_list)
# #removing
# basket.pop() #removes the last element (lifo)
# print(basket)
# basket.pop(0) #removes the first element
# print(basket)
# basket.remove(4) #removes the 4th element from the original list
# print(basket)
# poplist = basket.pop(4) #it returns the popped number remember only the pop returns value
# print(poplist)
# basket.clear() #completely clears the whole list
# print(basket)
