def a(): x = 1 y = 2 def b(): global y y = 1 print(y,x) def c(): # global y y = 10 print(f"function c: {y}") def d(): nonlocal y y = y + 1 print(f"function d: {y}") d() c() b() print(f"function a: {y}") a() print(y)